KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The payload for mission STS-118 is being installed in the payload bay on Space Shuttle Endeavour on Launch Pad 39A. Seen at center is the SPACEHAB module. At left and right in the photo are the shuttle robotic arm and the orbiter boom sensor system. The payload also includes the S5 truss and external stowage platform 3. The mission is the 22nd flight to the International Space Station and is targeted for launch on Aug.7. Photo credit: NASA/Amanda Diller KSC-07pd1860

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KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- In the Multi-Purpose Processing Facility, NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) closes in on the Pegasus XL Expendable Launch Vehicle for mating. SORCE will study and measure solar irradiance as a source of energy in the Earth's atmosphere. The launch of SORCE is scheduled for Jan. 25 at 3:14 p.m. from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. KSC-03pd0026

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- A crane is used to lift the Orion ground test vehicle in the Operations and Checkout O&C Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The vehicle traveled more than 1,800 miles from the company's Waterton Facility near Denver where it successfully completed a series of rigorous tests that simulated launch and spaceflight environments. The ground test vehicle will be used for pathfinding operations in the O&C, including simulated manufacturing and assembly procedures. After those operations are completed, new backshell panels will be installed on the ground test vehicle at the O&C prior to the vehicle’s trek to NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia for splashdown testing at the agency's Hydro Impact Basin. Launching atop NASA's heavy-lift Space Launch System SLS, which also is under development, the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle MPCV will serve as the exploration vehicle that will carry astronaut crews beyond low Earth orbit. It also will provide emergency abort capabilities, sustain the crew during space travel and provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities. For more information, visit www.nasa.gov/orion. Photo credit: Charisse Nahser KSC-2012-2543

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KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- In the Space Station Processing Facility, an overhead crane lifts the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo out of the payload canister that transported it from the Orbiter Processing Facility bay 2. Leonardo will be placed on a workstand and prepared for a future launch to the International Space Station. Leonardo is one of three MPLMs that are being used as cargo vans to carry supplies, equipment and research racks to the Space Station and back to KSC. Leonardo recently returned from its maiden voyage to the Station on mission STS-102 KSC01pp0713

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KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The payload for mission STS-118 is being installed in the payload bay on Space Shuttle Endeavour on Launch Pad 39A. Seen at center is the SPACEHAB module. At left and right in the photo are the shuttle robotic arm and the orbiter boom sensor system. The payload also includes the S5 truss and external stowage platform 3. The mission is the 22nd flight to the International Space Station and is targeted for launch on Aug.7. Photo credit: NASA/Amanda Diller KSC-07pd1860

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KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- The payload for mission STS-118 is being installed in the payload bay on Space Shuttle Endeavour on Launch Pad 39A. Seen at center is the SPACEHAB module. At left and right in the photo are the shuttle robotic arm and the orbiter boom sensor system. The payload also includes the S5 truss and external stowage platform 3. The mission is the 22nd flight to the International Space Station and is targeted for launch on Aug.7. Photo credit: NASA/Amanda Diller

Space Shuttle Program

The Space Shuttle program was the United States government's manned launch vehicle program from 1981 to 2011, administered by NASA and officially beginning in 1972. The Space Shuttle system—composed of an orbiter launched with two reusable solid rocket boosters and a disposable external fuel tank— carried up to eight astronauts and up to 50,000 lb (23,000 kg) of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). When its mission was complete, the orbiter would re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and lands as a glider. Although the concept had been explored since the late 1960s, the program formally commenced in 1972 and was the focus of NASA's manned operations after the final Apollo and Skylab flights in the mid-1970s. It started with the launch of the first shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981, on STS-1. and finished with its last mission, STS-135 flown by Atlantis, in July 2011.