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![map from "Zig-Zags en Bretagne, etc. [Illustrated.]"](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn8/L3Bob3RvLzE4OTQvMTIvMzEvbWFwLWZyb20temlnLXphZ3MtZW4tYnJldGFnbmUtZXRjLWlsbHVzdHJhdGVkLWUxMTM0YS02NDAuanBn/40/29/webp "map from \"Zig-Zags en Bretagne, etc. [Illustrated.]\"")
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![map from "[The New Sailing Directory for the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean; including the Coasts of Brazil, &c. to the Rio de la Plata, the Coast thence to Cape Horn, and the African Coast to the Cape of Good Hope, &c. ... Composed and arranged from a great variety of documents.]"](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn8/L3Bob3RvLzE4NDQvMTIvMzEvbWFwLWZyb20tdGhlLW5ldy1zYWlsaW5nLWRpcmVjdG9yeS1mb3ItdGhlLWV0aGlvcGljLW9yLXNvdXRoZXJuLWF0bGFudGljLW9jZWFuLTMwY2ZhZS02NDAuanBn/40/90/webp "map from \"[The New Sailing Directory for the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean; including the Coasts of Brazil, &c. to the Rio de la Plata, the Coast thence to Cape Horn, and the African Coast to the Cape of Good Hope, &c. ... Composed and arranged from a great variety of documents.]\"")
Bowles's New Pocket Map of the Coast of Africa : from Sta. Cruz, Lat. 30 N. to Angola, Lat. 11 S. With Explanatory Notes ; and a correct chart of the Cold Coast
Summary
Escalas gráficas de 80 leguas portuguesas [= 4,6 cm], 80 millas holandesas [= 4,5 cm] y 100 leguas inglesas de 23 1/9 al grado [= 4,9 cm]. Coordenadas referidas al meridiano de Londres (O 28°30'-E 18°50'/N 31°00'-S 111°30'). Red geográfica de 5° en 5°. Orientado con lis en rosa de dieciséis vientos
In the 17th century, maps took a huge leap forward. Mathematical and astronomical knowledge necessary to make accurate measurements had evolved. English mathematicians had perfected triangulation: navigation and surveying by right-angled triangles. Triangulation allowed navigators to set accurate courses and produced accurate land surveys. Seamen learned to correct their compasses for declination and had determined the existence of annual compass variation. Latitude determination was greatly improved with the John Davis quadrant. The measurement of distance sailed at sea was improved by another English invention, the common log. Longitudinal distance between Europe and Québec was determined by solar and lunar eclipses by the Jesuit Bressani in the 1640s and by Jean Deshayes in 1686. With accurate surveys in Europe, the grid of the modern map began to take shape.
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