Unknown artist - The Lion's Cave with Sthulabhadra and His Sisters, Folio 60 (verso), from a Kalpa-sutra - 1932.119.60.b - Cleveland Museum of Art

The Kalpa Sutra, a major component of the Jain literary corpus of the Svetambara school, finds its place among the Cheda Sūtras, constituting a pivotal work in the rich tapestry of Jainism. Within this comprehensive text, intricate life stories are meticulously recorded, providing a profound exploration of spiritual and historical dimensions. Notably, from the mid-15th century onwards, the Kalpa Sutra gained artistic expression through frequent illustrations, often adorned with exquisite miniature paintings that visually enriched its narrative. The oldest surviving copies of the Kalpa Sutra, inscribed on paper, date from the 14th century and originate from western India. This literary treasure has withstood the test of time and offers contemporary readers a glimpse into the spiritual heritage of Jainism. Traditionally attributed to the revered Bhadrabahu, the composition of the Kalpa Sutra is said to have taken place some 150 years after the nirvāṇa (samadhi) of Mahavira, a key figure in Jain philosophy. The compilation process is thought to have taken place during the reign of Dhruvasena, placing it in a historical context of around 980 or 993 years after Mahavira's death. The Kalpa Sutra thus emerges as a profound and enduring testament to Jain wisdom, providing valuable insights into the philosophical and historical foundations of this ancient religious tradition.